P2P Explained
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REFERENCES

References

The academic literature behind the explanations on this site, organized by field for researchers and students who want to consult the primary sources on P2P virtual environments, metaverse measurement, distributed consensus and more. Titles, authors, and venues are shown in their original English.

P2P Virtual Environments & MMOG Architectures

  1. Dantas, A. and Baquero, C. “CRDT-based game state synchronization in peer-to-peer VR.” Proc. 12th Workshop on Principles and Practice of Consistency for Distributed Data (PaPoC), pp. 45-55, 2025.
  2. Buyukkaya, E., Abdallah, M. and Simon, G. “A survey of peer-to-peer overlay approaches for networked virtual environments.” Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 8(2), pp. 276-300, 2015.
  3. Shen, S., Hu, S.-Y., Iosup, A. and Epema, D. “Area of simulation: Mechanism and architecture for multi-avatar virtual environments.” ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), 12(1), pp. 1-24, 2015.
  4. Yahyavi, A. and Kemme, B. “Peer-to-peer architectures for massively multiplayer online games: A survey.” ACM Computing Surveys, 46(1), pp. 1-51, 2013.
  5. Legtchenko, S., Monnet, S. and Thomas, G. “Blue Banana: resilience to avatar mobility in distributed MMOGs.” Proc. IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks (DSN), pp. 171-180, 2010.
  6. Varvello, M. “A Peer-to-Peer Architecture for Networked Virtual Environments.” PhD thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009.
  7. Bharambe, A., Douceur, J. R., Lorch, J. R., Moscibroda, T., Pang, J., Seshan, S. and Zhuang, X. “Donnybrook: Enabling large-scale, high-speed, peer-to-peer games.” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 38(4), pp. 389-400, 2008.
  8. Hu, S.-Y., Chang, S.-C. and Jiang, J.-R. “Voronoi state management for peer-to-peer massively multiplayer online games.” Proc. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), pp. 1134-1138, 2008.
  9. La, C.-A. and Michiardi, P. “Characterizing user mobility in Second Life.” Proc. First Workshop on Online Social Networks (WOSN), pp. 79-84, 2008.
  10. Liang, H., Tay, I., Neo, M. F., Ooi, W. T. and Motani, M. “Avatar mobility in networked virtual environments: measurements, analysis, and implications.” arXiv preprint, 2008. arXiv:0807.2328
  11. Schmieg, A., Stieler, M., Jeckel, S., Kabus, P., Kemme, B. and Buchmann, A. “pSense - Maintaining a dynamic localized peer-to-peer structure for position based multicast in games.” Proc. IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P), pp. 247-256, 2008.
  12. Jiang, J.-R., Chiou, J.-S. and Hu, S.-Y. “Enhancing neighborship consistency for peer-to-peer distributed virtual environments.” Proc. 27th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2007.
  13. Pittman, D. and GauthierDickey, C. “A measurement study of virtual populations in massively multiplayer online games.” Proc. 6th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games (NetGames), pp. 25-30, 2007.
  14. Bharambe, A., Pang, J. and Seshan, S. “Colyseus: A Distributed Architecture for Online Multiplayer Games.” Proc. 3rd USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation (NSDI), 2006.
  15. Hu, S.-Y., Chen, J.-F. and Chen, T.-H. “VON: a scalable peer-to-peer network for virtual environments.” IEEE Network, 20(4), pp. 22-31, 2006.
  16. Macedonia, M. R. and Zyda, M. J. “A taxonomy for networked virtual environments.” IEEE Multimedia, 4(1), pp. 48-56, 2002.
  17. Macedonia, M. R., Brutzman, D. P., Zyda, M. J., Pratt, D. R., Barham, P. T., Falby, J. and Locke, J. “NPSNET: A multi-player 3D virtual environment over the internet.” Proc. ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics (I3D), 1995.
  18. Macedonia, M. R., Zyda, M. J., Pratt, D. R., Barham, P. T. and Zeswitz, S. “NPSNET: a network software architecture for large-scale virtual environments.” Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 3(4), pp. 265-287, 1994.

Metaverse / XR Measurement & QoE

  1. Qin, Y., Tutschku, K. and Hu, S. “Requirements for network resource management in multi-user extended reality systems: a systematic review.” Frontiers in Communications and Networks, vol. 7, 2026.
  2. Asim, M., Bhardwaj, K., Suramanian, R. and Zaki, Y. “Towards Next Generation Immersive Applications in 5G Environments.” arXiv preprint, 2025. arXiv:2507.20050
  3. Li, S., Zhang, Y., Li, F., Gao, X. and Lyu, Y. “When Shared Worlds Break: Demystifying Defects in Multi-User Extended Reality Software Systems.” arXiv preprint, 2025. arXiv:2510.01182
  4. Mitra, K., Rossi, D., Gavrell, N. and Åhlund, C. “Quality of Experience Assessment for Streamed Social Extended Reality Applications over Heterogeneous Access Networks.” Proc. 17th International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX), 2025.
  5. Cheng, R., Wu, N., Varvello, M., Chen, S. and Han, B. “Are we ready for metaverse? A measurement study of social virtual reality platforms.” Proc. 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), pp. 504-518, 2022.
  6. Filho, R. et al. “Dissecting the performance of VR video streaming through the VR-EXP experimentation platform.” ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM), 15(4), pp. 1-23, 2019.
  7. Le Callet, P., Möller, S., Perkis, A. et al. “Qualinet white paper on definitions of quality of experience.” European Network on Quality of Experience in Multimedia Systems and Services (Qualinet), 2013.

Avatars & VR Perception

  1. Antoš, D., Švec, J., Hořínková, M. and Bartečková, E. “Borders of physical self in virtual reality: a systematic review of virtual hand position discrepancy detection.” Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 15, 2025.
  2. Benda, B., Esmaeili, S. and Ragan, E. D. “Determining detection thresholds for fixed positional offsets for virtual hand remapping in virtual reality.” Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), pp. 269-278, 2020.
  3. Ogawa, N., Narumi, T. and Hirose, M. “Effect of avatar appearance on detection thresholds for remapped hand movements.” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG), 27(7), pp. 3182-3197, 2020.
  4. Toothman, N. and Neff, M. “The impact of avatar tracking errors on user experience in VR.” Proc. IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (IEEE VR), pp. 756-766, 2019.

Distributed Consensus & Distributed Systems Foundations

  1. Huang, D. et al. “TiDB: a Raft-based HTAP database.” Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment (PVLDB), 13(12), pp. 3072-3084, 2020.
  2. Taft, R. et al. “CockroachDB: The resilient geo-distributed SQL database.” Proc. ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 1493-1509, 2020.
  3. Buchman, E., Kwon, J. and Milosevic, Z. “The latest gossip on BFT consensus.” arXiv preprint, 2018. arXiv:1807.04938
  4. Yin, M., Malkhi, D., Reiter, M. K., Gueta, G. G. and Abraham, I. “HotStuff: BFT consensus in the lens of blockchain.” arXiv preprint, 2018. arXiv:1803.05069
  5. Buterin, V. and Griffith, V. “Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget.” arXiv preprint, 2017. arXiv:1710.09437
  6. Ongaro, D. and Ousterhout, J. “In search of an understandable consensus algorithm.” Proc. USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC), pp. 305-319, 2014.
  7. Castro, M. and Liskov, B. “Practical Byzantine fault tolerance.” Proc. 3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), pp. 173-186, 1999.
  8. Jakobsson, M. and Juels, A. “Proofs of work and bread pudding protocols.” Proc. Communications and Multimedia Security (CMS), pp. 258-272, Springer, 1999.
  9. Demers, A. et al. “Epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenance.” Proc. 6th ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC), pp. 1-12, 1987.
  10. Fischer, M. J., Lynch, N. A. and Paterson, M. S. “Impossibility of distributed consensus with one faulty process.” Journal of the ACM, 32(2), pp. 374-382, 1985.
  11. Jefferson, D. R. “Virtual time.” ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), 7(3), pp. 404-425, 1985.
  12. Lamport, L., Shostak, R. and Pease, M. “The Byzantine Generals Problem.” ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), 4(3), pp. 382-401, 1982. DOI: 10.1145/357172.357176
  13. Pease, M., Shostak, R. and Lamport, L. “Reaching agreement in the presence of faults.” Journal of the ACM, 27(2), pp. 228-234, 1980.
  14. Yao, A. C.-C. “Some Complexity Questions Related to Distributive Computing (Preliminary Report).” Proc. 11th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pp. 209-213, 1979. DOI: 10.1145/800135.804414

Networking & Systems Infrastructure

  1. Trautwein, D., Ihle, C., Schubotz, M. and Gipp, B. “Challenging Tribal Knowledge — Large Scale Measurement Campaign on Decentralized NAT Traversal.” arXiv preprint, 2025. arXiv:2510.27500
  2. Seemann, M., Inden, M. and Vyzovitis, D. “Decentralized Hole Punching.” Proc. IEEE 42nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), pp. 96-98, 2022. URL
  3. Baumgart, I., Heep, B. and Krause, S. “OverSim: A flexible overlay network simulation framework.” Proc. IEEE Global Internet Symposium, pp. 79-84, 2007.
  4. Stutzbach, D. and Rejaie, R. “Understanding churn in peer-to-peer networks.” Proc. 6th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement (IMC), pp. 189-202, 2006.
  5. Gupta, D., Yocum, K., McNett, M., Snoeren, A. C., Vahdat, A. and Voelker, G. M. “To infinity and beyond: time warped network emulation.” Proc. 20th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP), 2005.
  6. Campbell, P. M., Devine, K. D., Flaherty, J. E., Gervasio, L. G. and Teresco, J. D. “Dynamic octree load balancing using space-filling curves.” Technical Report CS-03-01, Williams College Department of Computer Science, 2003.
  7. Johnson, D. B. and Maltz, D. A. “Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks.” Mobile Computing, pp. 153-181, Springer, 1996.

DAOs & Decentralized Governance

  1. Fritsch, R., Müller, M. and Wattenhofer, R. “Analyzing voting power in decentralized governance: Who controls DAOs?.” arXiv preprint, 2022. arXiv:2204.01176
  2. Santana, C. and Albareda, L. “Blockchain and the emergence of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs): An integrative model and research agenda.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 182, 121806, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121806
  3. Faqir-Rhazoui, Y., Arroyo, J. and Hassan, S. “A comparative analysis of the platforms for decentralized autonomous organizations in the Ethereum blockchain.” Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 12(1), 9, 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s13174-021-00139-6
  4. Hassan, S. and De Filippi, P. “Decentralized Autonomous Organization.” Internet Policy Review, 2021. DOI: 10.14763/2021.2.1556
  5. Rozas, D., Tenorio-Fornés, A., Díaz-Molina, S. and Hassan, S. “When Ostrom meets blockchain: Exploring the potentials of blockchain for commons governance.” SAGE Open, 11(1), 2021. DOI: 10.1177/21582440211002526
  6. El Faqir, Y., Arroyo, J. and Hassan, S. “An overview of decentralized autonomous organizations on the blockchain.” Proc. 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym), 2020. DOI: 10.1145/3412569.3412579
  7. Buterin, V., Hitzig, Z. and Weyl, E. G. “A flexible design for funding public goods.” Management Science, 65(11), pp. 5171-5187, 2019. DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2019.3337
  8. Atzei, N., Bartoletti, M. and Cimoli, T. “A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts (SoK).” Proc. 6th International Conference on Principles of Security and Trust (POST), 2017. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-54455-6_8
  9. DuPont, Q. “Experiments in algorithmic governance: A history and ethnography of "The DAO," a failed decentralized autonomous organization.” in Bitcoin and Beyond: Cryptocurrencies, Blockchains, and Global Governance (M. Campbell-Verduyn, ed.), pp. 157-177, Routledge, 2017.
  10. Buterin, V. “DAOs, DACs, DAs and More: An Incomplete Terminology Guide.” Ethereum Foundation Blog, 2014. URL
  11. Ostrom, E. “Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.” Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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